Business Management & Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management and Decision Making - Essay Example Methodologies can be confounded and the dynamic procedure needs to think about numerous elements. Ryanair is one such minimal effort transporter that entered the market as pioneers in the spending aircraft industry and embraced an old style carrier plan of action concentrating on client support. Their procedures in various territories like market division, e-relationship with clients, advertising correspondence, their differentiation in offering or keeping away from ready and ground administrations have contacted them this position. Ryanair, the Dublin based transporter, began its tasks in 1991 on the effective, Southwest Airlines Low Cost Leadership Model. Like most European flights, this aircraft offers a point-to-point as opposed to center assistance. It offers straightforward like seat distribution, dinners or long standing customer programs (SD, 2006). It means to turnaround trips in a short time and they have the most limited courses. Ryanair’s CEO is a bookkeeper via preparing however a business person by tendency and he has plentifully exhibited this capacity in the accomplishment of this carrier (Box and Byus, 2007). He has conflicted with the worker's organizations, the administration authorities and the contenders yet he has accomplished emotional development and gainfulness in this industry. Ryanair flies just Boeing 737s and is right now confronting difficulties heightening fuel costs, serious rivalry and administrative structure in the UK. Notwithstanding these difficulties, Ryanair has had the option to make its own market because of its vital dynamic procedure. Accomplishment in promoting can be accomplished by coordinating the hierarchical capacities with the prerequisites of the commercial center. This coordinating depends on showcase division. Desire based division is an incredible advertising device in the administrations part since it gives information to client distinguishing proof, which helps better client care (Diaz-Martin, 2000). They can tailor their activities to suit the individual necessities. Ryanair followed the desire based

Similarity and Relationship Satisfaction Research Proposal

Likeness and Relationship Satisfaction - Research Proposal Example These outcomes uncover that dominant part of individuals see marriage as servitude that prevent their freedom or put additional duties on them. Despite the fact that marriage is intended to share duties, thoughts, satisfaction and laments, and back posterity, individuals see marriage an incredible other way. This enemy of marriage wonder appears to have ejected as an absence of understanding, a come up short on that shows nonattendance of comparability basic to support marriage relationship. While ID of the elements impacting conjugal fulfillment is of hypothetical enthusiasm to social analysts and possible down to earth an incentive to clinical clinicians working with wedded couples, research around there gave just insignificant data about the particular attributes of stable or potentially glad conjugal connections and has given no sound hypothesis of conjugal fulfillment. Social mental hypotheses of adoration and marriage are, all in all, in view of the standard of similitude, i.e., that we will in general partner with other people who reward us and not partner with the individuals who don't (Walster and Walster, 1978). The hypothesis of Complementarity proposed by Winch (1952) depended on Murray's hypothesis of requirements. The hypothesis proposed that inside a field of qualified (which requires a specific degree of closeness) an individual will search out the individual who can offer most extreme need-satisfaction. In particular, Winch recommends that the need examples of A will correlative, as opposed to like the need examples of B. By correlative he implies that the necessities of A will be distinctive in kind from those in B (Type I Complementarity) or they will be diverse in force (Type II Complementarity) from the requirements that are met for B. in one of the primary examinations, (Winch, Ktsanes and Ktsanes, 1954) discoveries proposed that for an example of wedded couples, people will in general select mates whose necessities are integral rather that like their own. Hence, Winch (1954) endeavored to investigate extra proof of reciprocal needs while likewise considering the opposing perspective of closeness of necessities. By looking at the connections among's married couples, results demonstrated spouse wife relationships were lower on normal that the relationships of haphazardly combined dyads. Since these discoveries neglected to help the possibility of closeness, Winch contended that they upheld Complementarity hypothesis. There have been a few investigations that have attempted to duplicate Winch's discoveries, yet most exploration has neglected to do as such. For instance, Bowerman and Day (1956) endeavored to repeat Winch's discoveries of need Complementarity of wedded couples. Sixty school couples who were locked in or going consistently rounded out the Edwards Personal Preference Scale. Results propose an example of similitude as opposed to correlative. Another investigation additionally endeavored to address Winch's hypothesis of correlative needs by inspecting information from normalized mental tests, to decide if wedded couples are described by Complementarity of requirements, just as to decide if there is a positive connection between the level of Complementarity and conjugal satisfaction (Blazer, 1963). Fifty wedded couples who were genuinely balanced (for example neither one of the partners had history of psychological maladjustment) finished the Wallace Marital Happiness Scale and Edwards Personal Preference Scale. Results don't bolster the reciprocal nee

Personal Statement Essay

My name is Cheng Tzy Terng. My previous school is Kian Kok Middle School. Presently I am examining Cambridge A-Level Commerce course at Institut Sinaran. I take business contemplates, bookkeeping, financial matters and arithmetic. I wish to contemplate bookkeeping and account in the college. I need to be a bookkeeper. I study A-Level in light of the fact that A-Level is imperative to me. At the point when I was in Kian kok Middle school, I was in trade stream. My decision is to contemplate A-Level. I take four subjects that are business considers, bookkeeping, financial matters and arithmetic. I take business contemplates on the grounds that I can know some business information, business points of interest and impediments. I take bookkeeping in light of the fact that can realize the formulae to check how much benefit to win or misfortune. I take financial matters on the grounds that to figures out how to control my own and business financial matters. I take science in light of the fact that to improve my critical thinking aptitudes. I feel that A-Level subjects are imperative to me and for my outcomes to enter college. At that point, I should take bookkeeping and money in college. I imagine that those A-Level subjects that I take must identify with college. I imagine that Commerce subjects are fun since that is simple, rationales, intriguing and others. Business subjects are connected brain research, humanism, arithmetic, craftsmanship and different subjects those are incorporate. I trust that I can gain my lord in bookkeeping and account in college. Trade subjects those are essential to me. I trust that I can to be a bookkeeper. At the point when I was considering Cambridge A-Level Commerce, those subjects likewise apply in my vocation. Bookkeeping that can figure how much benefit or misfortune in business. Business examines that can encourages me to know business information, business focal points and inconveniences. Financial aspects that causes me for my own investment funds and control my own financial aspects that I use. Science that encourages me improves critical thinking abilities. At the point when I am free, I learns different dialects, PC abilities, hand to hand fighting, and different aptitudes. I additionally realize that I should be progressively free, dependable, more rationales and inventive, and different characters and a few qualities that are essential to get another profession. My SPM result got more than five credits. I got a credit in LCCI Level 1 accounting. I trust that I can get LCCI Level 3 in bookkeeping with unique excellence and some others that I believe is essential to me must be accomplished. My relaxation intrigue is playing internet games, some psyche games and tabletop games. I like that intrigue since it can preparing my cerebrum and be progressively imaginative, rationales and different abilities. My relaxation premium are likewise surf web since I can set aside some cash to discover data and quicker than looking in the book. I trust that the college will acknowledge me as an understudy. I trust that I need to be a bookkeeper.

Disipline in Schools Essay

The meanings of ‘violence’, ‘bullying’ and ‘indiscipline unmistakably join a wide scope of practices which can adjust contingent upon both the setting inside which the practices are ordered, and, for sure, with whom they are coordinated towards. Control in schools is presently going through an all-encompassing shroud. The issue of indiscipline penetrates all features of our life. It has, in actuality brought us down to the knees Each day there are a huge number of children who go to class and get singled out here and there or another. Those equivalent children will presumably get back home and inform no one concerning the torment that they are experiencing inside. There are various causes and answers for this issue we are looking in our schools. One primary driver is that those doing the control issues experience the ill effects of awful child rearing. I accept that guardians should be liable for their kids. They’re the ones who brought up the youngster and filled them with their convictions of what’s good and bad. At the point when a guideline calls home about a kid acting mischievously and the guardians do nothing , that just tells the kid that it’s okay for the person in question to do it once more. The guardians will make the kid structure the attitude that the individual in question can do it again in light of the fact that they realize that they won’t get condemned for their activities. Regardless of whether their youngster doesn’t get rebuffed at home, that will lead the kid to begin carrying on of control at school. Along these lines, guardians must assume liability for their children’s conduct. The youngster should be teached that there will be results at school as well as homes also for any order issues to be understood.

Windows Upgrade Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows Upgrade Report - Essay Example XP is named a genuine working framework fit for dealing with an isolated mode giving most extreme advantages regarding server highlights for home and office use. Windows 7 came to live in 2009 as a substitution for Window XP. The Edition was intended for business, home and work area use. The realistic highlights improved those of XP and entreated the 3D. The â€Å"super bar† improved the engineering of the errand bar with better coding plan for moment get to. Notwithstanding Windows Media player, the new progressive Windows Movie Maker and Windows Photo Gallery refreshed the media section (Er. Vivek Sharma, 2013). Windows 7 is accessible in numerous forms and present various highlights. Windows 7 is accessible in Starter, Premium, Enterprise, Professional and Ultimate. A client has a decision of these renditions as per their necessities. The framework received higher necessity determinations than those of XP. Windows 7 is described by 64-piece and 32-piece design with 64-piece 1 GHz processor. The base RAM size required is 2GB with a most reduced measure of 20 GB hard plate. The 32-piece engineering has a RAM imperative of 1GB. This is the inconvenience with Windows 7 if the present equipment doesn't suite the necessities. Another issue is that Windows XP isn't effectively moved up to Windows 7. Window 7 Enterprise has various highlights that limits cost for the business client. Direct Access is one such element. Like the Direct Access, Branch store is another application in Windows 7 that can be used together Windows server 2008 to improve the speed of separating information from remote areas by reserving the data in the intranet or the web the first occasion when it is mentioned. Different progressions incorporate VDI, App storage, Federated hunt and Language Pack (Abraham Silberschatz, 2013). Windows 8 was first discharged for assembling on August 2012 and is an augmentation of the 6.2 adaptation of the Windows NT Kernel. The new

Are you ready COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Are you ready COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Great things await you but first you need to submit your application. Today (January 5th) is the application deadline for our MIA/MPA two year degree program.   Make sure you have all your i dotted and t crossed before you hit the SUBMIT button. Decision notifications are posted to the application Web site.   You will receive an email when the decision is available.   Admitted candidates will receive a hard copy of the admission letter.   We do not mail hard copy letters to applicants who are not admitted.   Decisions are communicated in early March.   All applications are read during the same period (beginning now), therefore all decisions are released roughly around the same time. Good luck!

Law School Tutor 6 Tips for 1L Exam Success

Now Starring: You Anyone who’s ever considered law school has probably heard horror stories about that dreaded rite of passage: the first 1L exams. At many schools – like my alma mater, Harvard Law School – a student’s entire grade for a first-year course rides on the final exam. Years of preparation, months of cases and cold calls, weeks or days of study – they all come down to three (or sometimes less) hours in December. It can be pretty intimidating! Fortunately, as a veteran law school tutor in Boston, I’m here to tell you: there’s hope! Whether you’ve read every footnote of every case in your 1L classes, or haven’t read one, there are six easy tips you can use to make the 1L exams – and the 2L, and 3L exams – manageable. Here are some of the best: 1. Understand the task. A law school exam does require knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the law. All the debates and discussions you’ve had in the classroom and your study sessions – about the morality of the law, or its origins, or its most minute nuances – do matter when you’re sitting before your exam. But, at heart, the law school exam is a TASK. And, like any task, it can be mastered with specific strategies. 2: Prepare for the task. Most professors have copies of old exams online; read them before you start studying for the exam. My experience is that exams remain largely the same from year to year, so knowing what to expect when you sit down for the exam will be critical to help you prepare. Does your professor ask short-answer questions that need quick-fire knowledge of the cases? Long issue-spotters that require you to sift through pages and pages of facts? Policy essays that draw on your ability to see the larger picture behind the law? Something else? Every step of preparation you make for the final exam should be made with these questions – this task – in mind. 3: Condense your notes. The typical law school exam covers three months of material in three hours. That’s a lot! So you won’t have much time to page through long outlines – let alone casebooks – when you’re addressing issues quickly. You need something that’s as short and well-organized as possible, with only the most important information. You also need something that reminds you to look for any legal issues that may arise. When I took exams, I’d bring in two documents (which I’d be happy to share): a list of every case we’d mentioned in class, with a line or two about the facts and holding, organized by topic; and a check list which went through every possible legal issue that might arise. I’d compare my check list with the fact pattern on the exam, remind myself quickly of the cases that matter, and get straight to writing. 4: Show off your knowledge. My first semester at Harvard, my Civil Procedure professor told our class that he wasn’t looking for the most reasonable answers out there. In fact, he was looking for the opposite! He was looking for an exam bursting with ideas, both conventional and unconventional, that showcase a student’s ability to be creative with the law. Of course, you need to evaluate which arguments are most reasonable and most far-fetched†¦ but that’s one of the key skills of a lawyer to begin with! The more ideas you can raise, and evaluate, the better your law professor will know you know the law. 5: Practice, practice, practice. The law school exam is a very tightly timed task. Just like a standardized test, you need to be able to do a lot in a short amount of time†¦ and the only way to understand that is to impose it on yourself. Find a nice desk in the law library, set a timer, and go. See how you do under time pressure, then do it again. You’ll soon realize how to pace yourself during an exam, and the practice of analyzing issues very quickly will pay off when you get to the actual exam. After you’re finished, review your answers with a friend or a law school tutor – or better yet, a model answer, these are like gold – and figure out what you can do better the next time around. 6: Be concise and organized. Use headers, give each issue a separate paragraph, make your sentences short and easy to read. Your law professor will be reading hundreds of pages of hastily written analysis of complex legal issues: make your writing stand out for its clarity and simplicity. It’s a great habit for all legal writing as well. There are many more tips to give†¦ but these are some of the best! Those of you considering law school, take heart: with a few simple strategies, you too can master law school exams. And if you feel like you need help applying, consider contacting Cambridge Coaching. Our expert law school application consultants know how to guide you through the heady waters of the application process. Good luck,and happy exam taking! For more relevant law school tips from our law school application consultants and tutors in Boston and New York, check out these blog posts: A Law School Admissions Timeline; What Happens After Graduation?; How to Answer the â€Å"Why Do You Want to Attend X School?† Question. ;

Managerial Decision Making In Banking Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1348 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Decision making is a very important process in any kind of setup. It is through decision making that the organization forges forth with its plans. However the more broad the decision to be made the need to have as much information to do this so that the decision being made is an informed decision. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managerial Decision Making In Banking Institutions Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Decision makers therefore have to contend with a number of issues such as personal motivation and emotions while making these decisions. In so doing different there could occur different outcomes from the same situation in which case two different people were the decision makers at varying times. Sub optimal thinkers will normally compromise unnecessarily and always settle for the second best. While this is the case we can be able to understand if they are charged with decision making then they may settle for what is not necessarily the best option. The banking industry is slowly picking up from the after shocks of the global economic crunch. The decision makers at the helm at some of these banks are under pressure to make decisions that could help revive the industry once again. Arriving at an option like diversifying services, and which services to choose from is one of the major decisions to be made. Asset management or stock broking for example would be other diverse services apa rt from the traditional banking services. Some banks have settled for sub optimal decisions as regards these two products. A bank with a strong and vibrant housing mortgage policy settling for stock broking to diversify is sub optimal, in this case asset management would have been a better option because the bank has a strong housing mortgage policy hence many of its customers can as well benefit from the asset management services it engages in. when critically evaluating a decision like this one we can understand that possibly personal interest on the part of the decision makers resulted in the choice of this option over the other which would have been the better option. We also notice a likely compromise of the companyacirc;s strategy, resources, opportunities and growth which is typical of a sub optimal thinking organization. Unit IV Q2 Corporate entities have discovered ways of generating a share of their capital by offering a stake of their company to be bought and financed by the general public. In so doing companyacirc;s have to strive to build a desired public reputation and financially sound track record to ensure that their stakes remain high. Stock markets are where these stakes are bought and sold. The volatile economic situation that has resulted from the recent global financial instability has jolted the stock markets. This is so because the companies boasting high profits and returns have began to experience the ripple effect of this financial melt down. Further still some of these companies may be relying on other companies which were also affected and therefore the overall effect boomerangs back to them. The financial situations are now being closely monitored by many companies than never before especially for those enlisted on the stock markets. The aim of this is to have favorable trading on the stock market and avoid or minimize any financial losses that may result. Hyperbolic discounting tries to explain a wide range of anomalies related to human activities. The variation in patience over the life cycle is a clear reason why sometimes more often than not we end up making erratic decisions in life. This may be as a result of other underlying factors which will come up when an assessment has been clearly carried out. For example the economic instability being witnessed in the global financial market has led to hyperbolic discounting even in the area of stock trading. With speculations arising here and there we see stock traders making decisions which seem to be driven by impatience. While the stock market may be slowly recovering there are still evident signs of an erratic global economic trend which makes the stock traders somewhat impatient. The fact that profits are not quickly forth coming and market stability is taking longer to be realized, most decisions on the stock market are exhibiting hyperbolic discounting. Unit IV Q3 Following the global financial instability the federal government devised a way in which they would inject $700 billions from the reserve to financial institutions that were affected or were quickly having their credibility eroded. The initial plan dubbed Troubled Asset Relief Program indicated that this money would buy what the economists called toxic assets thereby relieving the banksacirc; balance sheet. However in the real bailout plan Treasury Secretary of the Federal Reserves, Mr. Paulson handed out $350 billion in capital injections to banks, rather than his original plan to buy so-called toxic assets, primarily mortgage-backed securities, that were weighing down bank balance sheets. The Federal Reserve also cut interest rates essentially to zero, bought hundreds of billions of dollars of mortgage-backed securities and took a wide range of extraordinary measures to provide liquidity. (Credit Crisis Bailout Plan, 2009) This already was not serving well the banking interests first because they had a reputation they wanted to maintain and secondly by the federal government regulating their interest rate it actually was going to financially affect the banks standing. These led to the big banks opting out of this plan by paying back the loan infusions plus an executive fee to the federal government. The banks in doing this desired to exit from the regulations that had been set out by the Federal Reserve which were not promoting a conducive business environment for them. While these banks appreciated the decision to receive infusion to help them clear the toxic assets from their balance sheets, they were cautious about the regulatory role that the federal government was intending to play in the process for example the regulation of the interest rates to zero percent. While opting out of this plan the banks were clearly reasoning in a self serving manner to protect their interests because they realized t hat with the federal regulations they would not bring in profit the very reason why they are in business. Unit IV Q4 While purchasing a commodity or service a proper decision must be arrived at to avoid impulse buying. Impulse buying defines a situation where there is an unplanned purchase. This will usually take place when one has an unusual motivation which eventually turns into a desire to purchase a commodity instantly. This purchase may be having no specific objective at that time. Studies indicate that these purchases normally involve cheap products. When we go to the market place to purchase some goods or services we already have a preconception of whatever we want or expect. However our preconception is related to the purchasing power and pricing of the product or service. Motivation and emotion do play a part in the decision we arrive at during any purchase. However most often the motivation and emotion must operate within some bounds, the strongest of which is the purchasing power, simply put how much you are willing to pay for the good or service on offer. There were two homes on offer within the neighborhood. One had a car garage to go with which meant an extra amount of money to buy though the buyer did not need the garage at the time. However this home had almost all the things the buyer wished in a home whereas the other did not but had room for the buyer to buy the things they needed to furnish it. The buyer needed to arrive at a decision quickly enough because the offer would soon close. They ended up buying the home with the car garage though they had no need for the garage at that particular time. They purchased this home because they thought it was necessary to do this because one day they would have an automobile which would find a place at the garage though their initial intention was to buy a home within the budget and curr ent setting.

Personal Development Plan Essay - 840 Words

Personal development is the process of maintaining one’s well being in terms of physical, social and psychological aspects. It is the constant process of developing and enhancing personality through learning and socialization processes. Undoubtedly, for personal development, certain skills and knowledge are required to be achieved. Armstrong (2006) rightly says that the personal development plan incorporates a wider set of learning and development activities such as self-managed learning, coaching and mentoring. In fact, it can be assumed that the skills and knowledge are not inborn or ascribed but are achieved in a course of time. TASK 1 EFFECTIVE SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES NEEDED FOR TIME MANAGEMENT The time management is one of the†¦show more content†¦With an aim to achieve targeted goals a detail time schedule should be developed and implemented with high preferences. Being time conscious one can use even a second of time in the important tasks, which yields satisfying outcomes in his or her life. TASK 1.2 EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES REQUIRED FOR TIME MANAGEMENT To prepare and implement the time management effectively and efficiently one should develop skills, tools and techniques useful and helpful in following his or her duties and responsibilities so that he or she can gain the expected objectives, both individual and organizational in a cost-effectiveness manner. The techniques as mentioned earlier can in this regard be a great hand in reaching the destination. Undoubtedly, preparing the to- do -lists, setting of logical goals and objectives, time schedule and activities as per the schedule, punctuality, time-consciousness and consideration of time value highly are prominent skills and techniques. Preparation of to do list and time schedule greatly contributes to the completion of the given tasks on time. TASK 2 PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED FOR MANAGEMENT Personal and professional skills are the survival mechanism for both the individuals and the organization. It is noteworthy that personal skills help one physically, socially and psychologically manage him or her with prudent acts and novice ideas. As such professional skills help one highly contribute to the organization. InShow MoreRelatedDescription Of Personal Development Plan1032 Words   |  5 Pages Personal Development Plan Description of activity to be undertaken Activity type Benefits Timeline Resources required When completed 1.Planing of good customer services. Internal training. It will increase the ratio of customers .It will increase the finances of company. 2 months. Meetings Seminars Tea parties etc On time 2.Traning of staff on budget reports. Internal training. Provides support to upper management and increase the determination of responsibilities. 3 Months. Financial manager toRead MorePersonal Development Review and Plan1519 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Development Stage 1 Review and Development Plan Table of Contents Page Introduction My Personal Development Review My Personal Development Plan 3 4-5 6-7 2 Introduction At the Introduction to PD workshop I identified two broad reasons why I decided to pursue my MBA. The first was to develop my competence as a manager. The second and more important reason was to advance my career by making myself more marketable. The job market today is undoubtedly very competitive and I realisedRead MorePersonal Development Plan1453 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personal Development Plan (PDP) is a specific plan for your future in short-term of six months or twelve months. It is necessary that you have objectives set up for yourself, and plans and actions to be taken in order to achieve those objectives. Following PDP is a good way to improve yourself, and to acquire skills and knowledge. Therefore, it is advisable to continue doing PDP one after another. Also, PDP includes your CV, so you can update it with new experiences or skills acquiredRead MorePersonal Development Plan2197 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Personal Development Plan [The Writer’s Name] [The Name Of The Institution] Personal Development Plan Introduction This project development plan is a write up of the theoretical underpinning and the technical experiments or of the reengineering undertaken in order to answer the question(s) posed by the research topic. The project proposal should be supported by a list of current references and an annotatedRead MorePersonal Development Plan1893 Words   |  8 PagesPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1. Introduction The aim of this assessment is to build a Personal Development Plan and evaluate my current skills and knowledge. The primary objective of PDP is to improve my knowledge and plan my educational development according to my background and personal experience so far. 2. What is PDP According to the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education in UK (QAA 2004) defined PDP as: ‘a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon theirRead MorePersonal Development Plan5227 Words   |  21 Pages1.0 Introduction This report is to make a self-assessment of my current situation and develop a range of professional and personal skills in order to promote my own future personal and career development. 2.0 Responsibility for own personal and career development 2.1 Own performance of current management skills 1. Time management Time management is the act or process of exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase efficiency or productivityRead MorePersonal Development Plan2953 Words   |  12 PagesPersonal Development Plan ABSTRACT This paper presents personal development plan which I have formulated to identify my career objectives and improve my interpersonal and professional skills. Personal development planning includes a set of questions which try to identify career interests, potentials, and competencies, collect relevant information for future decision making, and personal development matrix to identify short and long term goals and their respective actions to be followed. EXECUTIVERead MorePersonal Development Plan2468 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction This paper seeks to prepare a personal development plan in my objective to become a leader in an organization. I will analyze the requirements of the targeted job in relation to my inventory of skills including my strengths and weaknesses in relation to the requirement of a goal in mind for which I am willing to know my deficiencies in terms of skills. I will therefore have to make an action plan on how to correct my deficiencies and to improve on my weaknesses to take advantageRead MorePersonal Development Plan3142 Words   |  13 Pagesyour skills as a leader. What is Personal Development Planning PDP is defined as: A structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development.( Section 28 Guidelines for HE Progress Files) ‘Development is always self-development. Nothing could be more absurd than for an enterprise to assume responsibility for the development of a person’ (Peter Drucker) WhatRead MorePersonal Development Plan7544 Words   |  31 PagesIn this assignment, I will reflect upon my clinical experience and my education to date. In doing this I will highlight potential areas of development needed and will address these through Personal Development Planning. The rationale for doing this assignment is to enhance my professional development by undertaking an annotated reflective report. In this assignment I will focus and discuss my chosen theme which is Multi-disciplinary team working (MDT). This will mention roles within the MDT

Integrated Marketing - 3215 Words

Running head: INTEGRATEDMARKETINGSTRATEGY Integrated Marketing Strategy Joey Willoughby OMM615 Integrated Marketing Communications/Advertising/Public Relations and More Instructor: Dr. Janis McFaul September 29, 2014 Integrated Market Strategy Introduction: This research document will encompass an integrated market strategy for the Toyota Tundra. It will embody such descriptives as an overview/executive†¦show more content†¦Toyota encountered voluminous retractions of its vehicles in 2009 due to faulty accelerator problems. This phenomenon resulted in Toyota being scrutinized both inside and outside the organization, and as a direct result has emanated more Herculean in nature from the exigency which was encountered. Toyota has since become more centralized on the consumers and safety issues due to the organization having gone through this particular crisis. The organization’s strong reemergence is also largely due to the prompt and efficient actions of Toyota Motor Company in correcting this problem with the retracted vehicles. This researcher strongly suggests that Toyota continues in its efforts to ensure the utmost in safety, and should an unfortunate perplexity such as the faulty accelerator recur that the respo nd promptly to the problem and take corrective actions to ensure that all faulty vehicles are repaired. A reactive public relations response is also warranted for damage control. Describe the product/service and desired brand image: As an owner of a 2013 Toyota Tundra, this researcher can describe Toyota’s Tundra truck as a (4 door) truck with a 6-speed automatic transmission. It can comfortably seat six and is a V-8 E Flex –fuel vehicle. This vehicle is also four wheel drive. The fuel economy in the city is classed at 13 mpg and on the highway is classed at 18 mpg. Consumer rating on the 2013 Toyota Tundra is 5 star. The intrinsic warranty is quoted as 3Show MoreRelatedIntegrated Marketing Communication1469 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrated Marketing Communication Introduction ‘Integrated marketing communicating is a concept that companies coordinated their marketing communication tools to deliver a clear, consistent, credible and competitive message about the organization and products. The objective is to position product and organizations clearly and distinctively’. (Jobber, 2007) ‘Integrated Marketing Communications†¨(IMC) is a new trend in business planning†¨Ã¢â‚¬â€œ combining different communication instruments suchRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communications1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Integrated Marketing Communications An Integrated Marketing Communications program is based on the foundation provided by the communication model. IMC programs have been described in several ways; the consensus is to define them as follows: Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is the coordination and integration of all marketing communication tools, avenues, and sources within a company into a seamless program that maximizes the impact on consumers and other end users at a minimalRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication1462 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment : Brand building through an Integrated Marketing Communications program. Topic : A FMCG Brand ( Asian Paints ) [pic] Company Introduction : Asian Paints is India’s largest paint company and Asia’s third largest paint company, with a turnover of Rs 77.06 billion. The group has an enviable reputation in the corporate world for professionalism, fast track growth, and building shareholder equity. 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Components that should be discussed include: †¢ Sender—the person(s) attempting to deliver a message or idea. †¢ Encoding processes—the verbal (words, sounds) and nonverbal (gestures, facial expression, posture) cues that the sender utilizes in dispatching the message. †¢ Transmission device—all of the itemsRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communications (1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discussion of the concept Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) is highly debatable with many varied views. This paper aims to discuss then main definitions, issues, dimensions benefits and barriers surrounding the concept/process. Definition of IMC The definition of integrated marketing communications continues to evolve and there is no shared agreement or meaning. 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This has lead marketers to integrate their marketing communication tools in order to break through the barrier of noise and reach the target market, â€Å"marketing overload is forcing corporations to shout even louder† (keller 2001). In 1993 Shultz, Tannenbaum and Lauterborn introduced a new concept called Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). This concept has generated a great interest among academics and practioners, although researchRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Communications757 Words   |  3 PagesïÆ'Ëœ Integrated marketing communication mix helps to coordinate various marketing and promotional tools in order to create efficient marketing strategy. FMCG: ïÆ'Ëœ FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) are the products which are used daily. FMCG products are prone to quick sales and these products are very vulnerable and need quick sales and advertisement. ïÆ'Ëœ As marketing manager of FMCG Company, I would coordinate more with the IMC tools. ïÆ'Ëœ The tools which I will be using are advertising, direct marketing,Read MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication8054 Words   |  33 Pagesco-ordination and cohesion Lynne Eagle, Philip J. Kitchen. European Journal of Marketing. Bradford: 2000. Vol. 34, Iss. 5/6; pg. 667 Abstract (Summary) The concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC) has received considerable coverage in the literature, but even its most ardent supporters have noted problems in translating the concept into reality. Reports on an extensive two-phase study of the New Zealand advertising and marketing industry, undertaken as part of an international series of studies

William Shakespeare s The Great Gatsby Essay

â€Å"Oh,† cried Lizzie, â€Å"Laura, Laura, / You should not peep at goblin men.† / Lizzie cover’d up her eyes, / Cover’d close lest they should look; / Laura rear’d her glossy head, / And whisper’d like the restless brook: / â€Å"Look, Lizzie, look, Lizzie, / Down the glen tramp little men. / One hauls a basket, / One bears a plate, / One lugs a golden dish / Of many pounds weight. / How fair the vine must grow / Whose grapes are so luscious; / How warm the wind must blow / Through those fruit bushes.† / â€Å"No,† said Lizzie, â€Å"No, no, no; / Their offers should not charm us, / Their evil gifts would harm us.† / She thrust a dimpled finger / In each ear, shut eyes and ran: / Curious Laura chose to linger/ Wondering at each merchant man. / One had a cat’s face, / One whisk’d a tail, / One tramp’d at a rat’s pace, / One crawl’d like a snail, / One like a wombat prowl’d obtus e and furry, / One like a ratel tumbled hurry skurry. / She heard a voice like voice of doves / Cooing all together: / They sounded kind and full of loves / In the pleasant weather. Pg. 1652, Lns. 48-80, Christina Rossetti The poem â€Å"Goblin Market† was composed in April 1859 and later published in 1862. After publication, many argued between whether or not the poem was meant to be a children’s poem, but author Christina Rossetti later clearly stated her poem was not, in fact, meant for children as it contains explicit imagery. In her poem, Rossetti bases her foundation around two sisters, Laura and Lizzie, and theShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of William Shakespeare s The Great Gatsby 1465 Words   |  6 PagesRex had no idea how to break it to them. He didn’t have to tell them what he was going to choose, but he was supposed to. Everyone was supposed to at least give a clue as to what they were going to do. He decided not to, because he didn’t want them to try to stop him He knew being a protecter was dangerous work, with a high fatality rate, higher than any other career. He’d known that even before last April when Edmund, an older teenager he’d actually known and talked to a few times, came backRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Clarisse By William Shakespeare s The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1074 Words   |  5 PagesMildred more focused on the play she was in than her attempted suicide? I believe she may have tried to quickly change the subject and put more attention on something else. Mildred’s suicide was significant because it showed that she truly was in great pain, even though she was unaware of her own suicide attempt. Mildred does take more pills later on the book; â€Å"He heard Mildred shake the sleeping tablets onto her hand.† (page 101), but she does not die. This is significant because it shows and provesRead MoreSimilarities Between The Great Gatsby And Julius Caesar1415 Words   |  6 Pagesa time is often told best in a novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the key novels that successfully tells both the lavish lifestyles and the faults of society in the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is filled with an abundance of similarities to American life, outlining the American dream, and even parts of contemporary society today. However, The Great Gatsby shares underlying similarities with the novel, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. A novel that also told a story of a timeRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthe theme of ambition has been so prevalent in literature. It is the dominant theme in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Shakespeare s Macbeth, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and The Wolf of Wall Street by Jordan Belfort. In this essay, I will discuss the two ways over ambition can cause an individual s downfall. The first is setting unattainable goals which we can see in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman. 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Both Macbeth and Gatsby are portrayed as tragic heroes in their respected text. Both characters are similar due to their tragic flaws such as, downfalls being caused by their over ambition, they both become isolated and finally both characters suffer and meet their deaths in the bitter end. Firstly, Gatsby s ambitious tendencies fuel him to pursue his past and now married lover, Daisy Buchannan. Gatsby is very persistent and hustles to make money whether legalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Novel Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pagesbe considered as a classic. Classics are thought to be literature written in the past and not recently like that year or a couple of years before, literatures like The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin (1884), To Kill A Mockingbird (1960), and The Great Gatsby (1925) that were all written in older time periods and represent what literatures looked like back then that we read today. 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Short Selling Free Essays

Short selling Short selling is a practice of selling a borrowed security that the seller does not necessarily own. Short sellers are generally betting that the price of security will go down, and  assume that they will be able to lock-in a certain profit by buying the security at a lower price than the price at which they originally sold short. Example of short selling Short seller borrows the security for a given fee and sells it short on the market for Rs 40000. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Selling or any similar topic only for you Order Now If tomorrow the price of security drops to Rs 38000, short seller could buy it back in order to return the security and lock a profit of 2000 (the price difference between 40000 and 38000), less the borrowing fee. Islamic Point of View Short selling is prohibited (Haram) from the Shariah perspective. Shariah scholars found several reasons behind which, short selling is considered haram, and the reasons are as follows:- 1- selling something you doesn’t own:-In Islamic transactions; to sell something you must first have the ownership of what is being sold or the subject of the sale. Therefore in order to sell a security, the security must be owned by the seller and not borrowed – which is the case in short selling. 2- Riba:-Short selling is associated with the conventional borrowing and lending system of securities which includes a series of interest-based charges for services, and interested payments on borrowed securities. And as we all know, charging interest on services and borrowed securities is considered as Riba. 3- Speculation: – Since short sellers are watching out for fluctuations in the markets, to sell the share at a higher price and buy it back at a lower price and pocket the difference. Speculation has been perceived negatively due to its resemblance with gambling. 4- Gharar/ Ghobun :- there is uncertainty in the contract and the buyer is also deceived. 5- unjust deeds Hamish Jiddiya Token money, down payment  by a party  intending to purchase certain goods who wishes to confirm the intention to do so by paying an amount to the seller as token money or down payment to secure the goods. Hamish Jiddiya is a collateral given for a promise to purchase. If the buyer is not proceeding to purchase, the seller can demand compensation for the actual damage, if the collateral is higher, the buyer receives an amount back, if the actual damage is higher, the the seller can demand additional compensation above the collateral. Arba’un The term Arba’un means an amount of money that the customer as purchase orderer pays to the Bank after concluding the Murabahah sale, with the provision that if the sale is completed during a prescribed period, the amount will be counted as part of the price. If the customer fails to execute the Murabahah sale, then the Bank may retain the whole amount. Waqf A Wakf is an unconditional and permanent dedication of property with implied detention in the ownership of God in such a manner, that the property of the owner may be extinguished and its profits may revert to or be applied for the benefit of mankind except for purposes prohibited by Islam. Examples of Waqf Land Buildings: one or more persons provide Cash as waqf to purchase land and buildings, e. g. a small shopping complex. Once the complex is purchased, the property may be classified as a waqf property and waqf rules apply. The property may not be sold (except to replace), be gifted, or inherited. The property remains intact and may not be spent. The rental income that is produced by the complex may be used for any shari’ah compliant purpose. Valid contract The remedy of specific performance presupposes the existence of a valid contract between the parties to the controversy. The terms of the contract must be definite and certain. This is significant because equity cannot be expected to enforce either an invalid contract or one that is so vague in its terms that equity cannot determine exactly what it must order each party to perform. It would be unjust for a court to compel the performance of a contract according to ambiguous terms interpreted by the court, since the court might erroneously order what the parties never intended or contemplated. Example A homeowner (who is over the age of 18 and of sound mind) signed a contract with the appliance store to buy a refrigerator. The homeowner pays for the refrigerator and the appliance store presents the refrigerator for the homeowner to take home. Void contract A void contract is not a contract and has no effect in a court of law and cannot be enforced in a court of law. Most commonly, a void contract will be missing one or all of the essential elements needed for a valid contract. Neither party needs to take action to terminate it, since it was never a contract to begin with. Example A contract that was between an illegal drug dealer and an illegal drug supplier to purchase a specified amount of drugs for a specified amount. Either one of the parties could void the contract since there is no lawful objective and hence missing one of the elements of a valid contract. Voidable Contracts A voidable contract is a contract, which may appear to be valid, and has all of the necessary elements to be enforceable, but has some type of flaw, which could cause one or both of the parties to void the contract. The contract is legally binding, but could become void. If there is an injured party involved, the injured party or the defrauded must take action, otherwise the contract is considered valid. Example A contract entered into with a minor could be voidable. Bai Tawliyah Bai Tawliyah Is a sale and buy-back agreement, is a type of Islamic finance that is a banking activity that is congruent with Shariah, which are the principles of Islamic law. Bai Tawliyah is a part of Islamic finance, such as a Muslim mortgage, where there is transaction of buying and selling between the customer and the financial institution. The financial institution, or the financier, will purchase an asset from a customer and the price that they pay for the asset will be disbursed by the terms that the financial institution lays out. Because of this the asset that is purchased is one that the payments are deferred and the price paid will be done so in installments. The second sale in this type of Islamic finance is done so in order to make the customer obliged to the financial institution. Commutative contracts Commutative contracts are those in which what is done, given, or promised by one party is considered same as the other or in consideration of what is done, given or promised by the other. A contract of sale is an example of a commutative contract. Put in a simple form, commutative contracts are contracts where the contracting parties give and receive something similar or an equivalent. An Example is a sale at less than two thirds of the value. Non-Commutative contract A non-compensatory contract in which a property is donated by one party to another against no consideration. The donor transfers ownership of the property to the done free of any commitment or obligation. Refrences http://www. ukessays. com/essays/economics/short-selling. php http://jazaa. rg/knowledge-center/islamic-finance-terminology/h/hamish-jiddiyah/ http://www. almustafatrust. org/content/Donate/Islamic/types/waqf. htm http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Valid+Contract http://www. trainagents. com/DesktopModules/EngageCampus/CourseContent. aspx? ModuleType=StudentMyCourses;CrsPageType=Topic;CourseRecordID=107;LessonRecordID=1372;TopicRecordID=24861;Demo=True http://definitions. uslegal. com/c/commutative-contracts/ http://majdbakir. com/islamic- finance/n/noncommutative-contract. html How to cite Short Selling, Papers

Piper Alpha free essay sample

Abstract This research explains about The Disaster of Piper Alpha which occurred in the North Sea on 6 July 1988 which killed 167 people and cost billions dollars in property damage. This research report also examines about the objectives and the structures of the management of the Piper Alpha Oil Platform. This research is analyzed from both technical and organizational view. Besides that, this research report also discuss about the industrial processes and the operations of the platform. Moreover, the risk factors in all area which lead to the accident also have been explained in this research report. The organizational factor includes the flaw in the guidelines and design practices. Besides that the organizational factors includes the management of the trade-off of productivity and safety. Moreover, it also includes the management of the staffs on board. The financial pressure applied in the production sector which leads to the negligence of inspections and maintenance operations. The consequences of the effects of the disaster of Piper Alpha are also discussed in this research report. For example, this report discusses about the effects to the investors of Piper Alpha and the effects to the environment. This research report is also used to provide systematic way of identifying, the accident sequence which includes human errors and technical failure. Finally, this research report also explains the improvement strategies in the management systems to prevent the accident from occurring. 1. Introduction Piper Alpha platform was North Sea oil production platform which was operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. The platform started its production in the year 1976. It first operates as an oil platform and then it was develop to gas production plant. A large fixed, Piper Alpha was situated on the Piper oilfield, approximately 120 miles northeast of Aberdeen and comprised four modules separated by firewalls. For safety reasons the modules were organized so that the most dangerous operations were distant from the staff areas. The conversion from oil to gas in 1980 broke this safety concept, with the result that sensitive areas were brought together. For example, the gas compression area is next to the control room, which played a role in the blast. Piper Alpha was one of the heaviest platforms operating in the North Sea at the time of the disaster in 1988. The Disaster of Piper Alpha occurred on 6th July 1988 caused by a gas leak and pumps failure which killed 167 people including two people from the rescue vessel and lost around 3. 4 billion US dollars. There were only 61 people survived from the accident. Besides that, more than 30 people couldn’t be discovered after the accident (Steve Duff,2006). This report briefly explains about the technical and organizational factors which leads the Disaster of Piper Alpha. Besides that, it also discuss about consequences of the effect of the accident. Finally, it also discuss about the improvement and prevention step to avoid this type of accident to happen in future. 2. Management and Operation 2. 1 The management and its structure Four companies that later which have transformed into the OPCAL joint venture obtained an oil exploration license in 1972 and discovered the Piper Oilfield. The Piper Alpha was started on 1973 and its start operating on the year 1976. This oil platform and Flotta Oil platform was operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. Occidental Petroleum Corporation (OPCAL) is California based oil and gas exploration and production company. Occidental Petroleum Corporation is the largest oil and the natural gas producer in Texas (Lord Caplan,1997). The management structure of Piper Alpha Platform Figure 1: Management Structure of Piper Alpha Platform (Lord Caplan, 1997) The figure above shows the management structure of Piper Alpha platform. According to the organization structure, the highest post was held by the managing director of the OPCAL. The person who was holding this post was Mr Brading at the time of disaster. Among all the workers working on the platform there was an ultimate responsible person who took overall control on the platform called the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM). Under the OIM, there were three departments. The first department was Maintenance of Equipment Department. The hierarchy of this department is Superintendent, Deputy Maintenance Superintendent, and Lead Maintenance Hand. The technicians below the Lead Maintenance Hand are the Maintenance Technicians and other relevant staff such as electricians. Besides that, the second department under the OIM was safety department. The hierarchy of the safety department is Safety Supervisor, Lead Safety Supervisor, followed by the OPCAL’S safety operators and the Contractor’s safety operator. The most significant department under the OIM was Production personnel apart from safety they would take over if anything went wrong on the platform. Most of them were OPCAL’s own employees. Under the OIM there was an Operations Superintendent, a Deputy Operation Superintendent, Lead Production Operators and the actual Operators. There were also many employees of the various contractors on the platform under the supervision of the permanent production staff. The objective of this Piper Alpha is to produce and process crude oil and gas (Lord Caplan,1997) 3. Industrial Processes 3. 1 Operation Functions The oil production was started in 1976 with about 250,000 barrels of oil per day. Later on, it was increased to 300,000 barrels per day. In the year 1980, a gas recovery module was installed. By 1988, the production has to into half which is 125,000 barrels per day. Then, OPCAL built the Flotta Oil Terminal in the Orkney Island receive and process oil from the fields Piper, Claymore and Tartan. A main pipeline ran from 128 miles from Piper Alpha to Flotta, with a short oil pipeline from the Claymore platform to west. The main purpose of the plant is to produce crude oil and natural gas from 24 wells to deliver oil to Flotta terminal and to other installations which is Tartan and Claymore by three different pipelines. A short pipeline was joint with the pipeline of Flotta within the range of 20 miles way from Claymore. The Tartan field also runs oil to Claymore and then runs to Flotta through the main pipeline. A gas pipeline runs from Piper Alpha to Tartan. It runs from Piper Alpha to gas compressing platform MCP-01, 30 miles away to the Northwest. Piper Alpha had four transport risers in total. They are, an export oil riser, the Claymore gas riser, the Tartan gas riser and the Flotta gas riser (Risk Analysis, vol 5, No. 4, pg 277-288). Figure 2: Illustration of Piper Alpha’s Oil and Gas Risers Subsea Pipelines (Willie Scott, 2011) The 84-foot level consisted of four modules A, B, C and D. A, B and C were the main production modules. Module D was the generation and utilities module. These modules as with other structural equipment had all been fabricated onshore. The next main level up was the 107-foot level which housed the Mud Module and Storage Module on the west, and the Gas Conservation Module (also known as the GCM or Phase 2 Module) and Utilities module on the east. The 133-foot level contained the pipe deck and the 174-foot level the helideck. The accommodation modules were at the north end of the platform and were at levels ranging from 121 feet to 174 feet (Lord Caplan,1997). 4. Causes of Accident 4. 1 Human Factors One of the human factors that contribute this disaster is lack of safety training of the staffs inside the platform. Less experienced maintenance crew, personnel, operators and production workers were allowed to run Piper Alpha at a time when high-level activity should have required special care, attention, and the ability to recognize abnormal signs in order to diagnose and fix problems immediately. Besides that, less inspection of the equipment by the maintenance technicians is also a contributing factor for this disaster (Elisabeth patte-cornell, October 1991) 4. 2 Design and Process Factors There was controversy about the disaster. The controversy about whether there was sufficient time for more effective emergency evacuation. This is because; the second explosion occurs 20 minutes after the first explosion but many people couldn’t escape from the second explosion. The main problem was that most of the personnel who had the authority to order evacuation had been killed in the first explosion which destroyed the control room. This was a consequence of the platform design, which includes the absence of the blast walls (Kletz, T. ,2001). Another contributing factor, the nearby platform continues pumping oil and gas to Piper Alpha until its pipeline damaged in the heat in the second explosion. Even though after the first blast, the nearby platforms continue pumping oil and gas to Piper Alpha. Besides that, on the morning of the day of the incident, some backup propane condensate pumps in the processing area need to have its pressure safety valve check. But the work could not be complete by 6pm and the work was postponed to the next day. The tube was sealed with a plate. Later in the evening during the next shift, the primary condensate pump failed. The gas products escaped from the valve. Finally, the gas audibly leaked out at high pressure, ignited and exploded, blowing through the fire walls. Moreover, the automatic deluge system was designed to spray water to put out the fire was never activated because it had been turned off. In addition, the accommodations were also not smoke-proved. This contributes to the death of personnel inside the accommodation area. Moreover, the poor design of the emergency equipment also contributes to this disaster. When the first blast occurs, the general alarm system and the emergency lighting failed to work. The design of the platform is also a factor of this disaster. Initially, the platform was not designed for severe loads (Mannan, S,2001). . 3 External Factors The external factor of the Disaster of Piper Alpha is the organization factor. One the reason is because the management of OPCAL didn’t supervise the recruitment of the worker on board. Hence, some workers on board have less experience and knowledge in crude oil production. Besides that, the management didn’t provide safety training for most of the workers in the pl atform. Moreover, the death of the OIM is also a factor of the death of the personnel on board. This is because; the OIM is the person who gives order to evacuate when emergency. Therefore, most of the personnel could not make decision to evacuate when the incident happens (Lord Caplen,1997). 5. Consequences of the effects of the accident 5. 1 Health After the incident of Piper Alpha took place, a researcher has conducted a study into the long-term psychological and social effects of the Piper Alpha disaster. Finally, he manage to find thirty-six survivors who agreed to give interviews. Almost all of them reported psychological problem. More than 70% of those interviewed have psychological and behavioral symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder. The family members of the dead and survived victims also were reported to have psychological and social problems (Hull AM, Alexander DA, and Klein S. ,2001). 5. 2 Environmental and ecology Some documents showed that highly-toxic chemical that fell into the North Sea after the explosion destroyed the oil platform by killing 167 men would not have burned up as had been claimed by OPCAL. In addition, 5. 5 tonnes of the cooling fluid, polychlorinated bithenyl (PCB) which contain in equipment called the transformers was also destroyed during the fire. This would contribute a massive to the marine life. For example, the death of marine species. Besides that, the fish caught near the platform found to be chemical contaminated. Moreover, the release of Carbon monoxide (CO) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) to the air also results acid rain at some area nearby the platform (Nicola Reeves, 1991). 5. 3 Damage cost and Compensation cost The damage cost of the disaster of Piper Alpha is calculated to be around three billion US Dollars. Besides that, this disaster results in an overall reduction in insurance capacity in London. Besides that, the compensation cost of the disaster cost was around 1. billion US Dollars (Nicola Reeves, 1991). 6. Improvement and Prevention 6. 1 Design and Process As an improvement steps for a platform to avoid from disaster like Piper Alpha, a regulatory control of offshore should be implemented. An offshore installation (Safety Case) regulation is a written document where a company must demonstrate that an effective safety management system (SMS) is in place on the par ticular offshore installation. Then, the implementation of this handed over to the HSE in 1991. As a recovery of this incident, regulatory control of offshore installation has been introduced in the year 1991. Besides that, the need of safety training for the staff is given more importance. Moreover proper isolation plant is formed when a platform undergoes maintenance process. The disaster would not have occurred if the pump where work was being done had been positively isolated. Isolation is not achieved by shutting a valve but it requires the insertion of a slip plate or removal of a pipe section. Disabling of protective equipment by explosion would be one of the prevention steps from this disaster to happen. The firewalls on the Piper Alpha could have stopped the spread of fire. However, they were not built to withstand an explosion. The initial blast blew the firewalls down, and the subsequent fire spread could not be stopped (Kletz T. 2001). Besides that, the inventory should be limited on installation and in pipelines. The large inventory of the pipelines connected to the platform fed the fire. Other than technical problems, it should be a design objective to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon. In addition, emergency shutdown valves should be located in platform to prevent this type of disaster. Proper location of emergency shutdown valves and backup valves are essential to cutting off fuel supply in case of fire. Above water positioning provides testing accessibility for vigilant maintenance. Moreover, the use of wind tunnel test and explosion simulations in design could prevent the spread of fire. Wind tunnels are useful to assess the effectiveness of the ventilation and the gas detection system. The explosion simulations help to investigate effect of different layouts an explosion ans assess the effectiveness of blast walls (Kletz T,2001). 6. 2 Human resource Proper training should be given to staff in the platform by the management. For example, fire and explosion protection training should be given to employees. This is because, fire fighting are particular importance as there is no possibility to rely on outside assistance, such as the fire brigade. Besides that, proper recruitment process should be carried out to prevent this type of disaster. For example, highly experience maintenance staff could have sealed the pipeline in a proper way. Thus, the incident would not have occurred. 6. 3 Safety and Health For safety,, more than one route to helicopters and life boats must be present at any given time to ensure evacuation of the platform in crisis situation. Besides that, luminescent strips and heat shielding provide visibility in smoke and protection from flames. In addition, secondary escapes such as ropes, ladders and nets also should be provided as backup for the more sophisticated escape method (Mannan S. 2005). Conclusion Many of the events that led to the Piper Alpha accident were rooted in the culture, the structure, and the procedures of OPCAL. Safety management systems and associated safety cases can make a big difference. The systematic approach means that the hazards of the business are known, understood and demonstrably controlled. http://www. aiche. org/uploadedfiles/CCPS/resources/knowledgebase/Piper_Alpha. pdf http://www.caa.lv/ http://www. hse. gov. uk/research//rrpdf/rr089. pdf http://www.heraldscotland.com/

What About Polonius Essay Example For Students

What About Polonius Essay What About Polonius?One of the main characters in the play Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, is Polonius. Polonius is the father of Laertes and Ophelia and is also the right hand man to the king, Claudius. He is a man who is nosy and is constantly babbling about something, yet is a loving father and a loyal servant to the state. Or is he? What exactly is the nature of Polonius? How important was he to Shakespeares epic play? Did he really have to die? What about Polonius?The audience is first introduced to Polonius when his son, Laertes, decides that he wants to return to Paris to finish college. At first glance, through a long-winded speech, Polonius acts as a caring father should. He gives his son advice, such as, Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice; or Take each mans censure, but reserve thy judgment. and to thy own self be true. Later though, he talks about clothing and outward appearances. In fact he goes off on this subject warning Laertes to not look gaudy and ri ch. He seems more concerned about how Laertes appears to be then who he actually is. Polonius gives a double standard for the boy to follow. In that same act, after Laertes leaves, Polonius has another conversation with his other child, his ill-fated daughter, Ophelia. Ophelia tells her father everything (we assume) about her relationship with Hamlet. Polonius tears right into the poor girl with comments such as, You speak like a green girl, or Think yourself a baby That you have taen these tenders for true pay, making him appear like a rotten old man. Why would Polonius not want Ophelia to get involved with a prince? Many people have debated why Polonius ends up forbidding Ophelia from seeing Hamlet. Some say that Hamlet was too high ranking for Ophelia and that their marriage would have seemed unlikely in Poloniuss eyes. Others say that maybe Polonius just did not like Hamlet and did not want his daughter getting involved with him. Yet others believe that Polonius thought that Hamlet would just use Ophelia, and he did not want to see her get hurt. Polonius did not want Ophelia to be involved with Hamlet, or any other ma n for that matter, because he was afraid that he would lose control over one of his most precious toys, his daughter. If Ophelia became involved with someone, then all the control that Polonius had over her would be lost. She would belong to someone new, and his toy would no longer be his to play with as he pleased. Polonius had to know everything that was going on, in his childrens lives and in the state too. Possibly he felt a pang of jealousy thinking that maybe his daughter would become queen if she married Hamlet and would end up in a more prestigious position then he. Just to prove the idea that Polonius needs to be in charge of his domain (his children included) all one needs to do is to look at the beginning of Act II. Polonius asks Renaldo, a close friend of his son, to go and check up on Laertes. Polonius wants to know how Laertes is acting, if he is gambling, drinking, drabbing, and so forth. It could be argued that he is just looking out for the welfare of his only son, but looking at Poloniuss personality, that is highly unlikely. Polonius is a politician. It is generally known that politicians have two faces. They have their real face, and the face that they show to the public. Claudius is an excellent example of a politician. No one in Denmark had any clue that he was the murderer of the previous king. He kept it hidden very well. Claudius has two faces, and so does Polonius. Polonius does not want his statesman face to be blemished by words that his son is acting carelessly. To protect his public image, he sends Renaldo to spy on Laertes . To sum it up, Polonius has to be in control of his children to protect himself. That is why he gave that double standard to Laertes in Act I. He wanted to be portrayed as a loving father concerned about his son, but at the same time throwing in advice that would keep his image from being damaged as well. In Ophelias case, he had become so used to being in control, that the idea of losing his power frightened him. He had to do something to regain his composure. He had to get Hamlet out of the picture. .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .postImageUrl , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:hover , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:visited , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:active { border:0!important; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:active , .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8 .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc85b2a6d690077221a1e0e435cf5ad8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Space Exploration EssayPolonius is the kings accomplice. His loyalty to the state is so overwhelming that it comes before his children. By setting up Ophelia in Act III to try to find out the cause for Hamlets madness, Polonius disregards his daughters feelings. Does he not think that she still has feelings for Hamlet? No, he does not think at all. He is doing what he can to please the king, to gain the kings favor. Again, Polonius, by being a politician, has tasted the sweet rewards of power, and is no doubt hoping that he can taste more. His line to more power is through the king, not his family. His children are, as stated above, just toys that he can use, and use them he does. Ophelia dares not to speak against her father, for children were to respect their elders and women were to follow the directions of men. She was doomed. Laertes was better off because he was in Paris and he was a young man, but he, too, was at his fathers mercy. Ophelia and Laertes both have a tragic flaw: they love their father. The play never mentions their mother, so it can be assumed that she is out of their lives for whatever reason. Their father takes care of them, and in his own way does love them. It might not be the kind of love that is common between a father to his children, usually most parents do not use their children for their own benefit, but it is, none-the-less, love. Polonius has a crafty mind, constantly coming up with ways to find the answers, mostly by the technique of spying. His little mind plots schemes that will tell the truth about Hamlet is he mad, or is he not. He schemes do not always work and he ends up dead because of his sneakiness. His dea th was necessary. He was part of the rottenness in Denmark. If the play ends with a clean slate, then Polonius has to die. He is not clean. If he were to survive the state would remain rotten, and the death of everyone else would have been in vain. In fact, that is the reason he died first. He is second only to Claudius in how corrupt he is. His death foreshadows the death of others who have been tainted and is the cause of the death of his children. He had tainted both his children, and since the state had to be cleaned, their death was essential. Ophelia became tainted after Polonius led her into the mess with Hamlet. She dies because she goes crazy after her lover killed her father. Laertess taintedness and his death are both due to the fact that Polonius was murdered. He tainted Laertes by spying on Hamlet and Gertrude which led to his death which caused Laertes to conspire with the king to kill Hamlet. Laertes dies trying to avenge his fathers death. Polonius is not as simple m inded as he seems. There is a whole lot more going on in the head of the bumbling fool then appears to be. He is a control and power hungry man who uses his children to enhance his image and to push his way through the political ladder of Denmark. He is the one to blame for the death of himself and of his family. He is just a rotten politicain (Arent they all?). Shakespeare Essays

Addiction Hereditary or Socially Driven Deviant Behavior free essay sample

This paper reviews recent research on alcohol and drug abuse and addiction in attempt to identify the factors that make individuals vulnerable to addiction. After an extensive review of the research, the author concludes that social, familial and genetic factors are intertwined; no one factor can be said to cause addiction. The author continues that it may not always be reasonable to blame completely the addicted person for his situation. Table of Contents Introduction The Role of Family Genetics and Addiction Addiction and Personal Responsibility Not every person who experiments with drugs becomes addicted any more than every person who has a drink becomes an alcoholic. Both Tani and Oxford found that the young persons peer group made a significant difference. Young people whose friends used drugs were more likely to use drugs, while those whose friends did not were less likely to use them. Tani (2001) found in her review of the research that the peer group influenced extended use of drugs, thus increasing the risk of dependence or addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Addiction: Hereditary or Socially Driven Deviant Behavior? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most infamous female characters. Cunning and ambitious, Lady Macbeth is a major protagonist in the play, encouraging and helping Macbeth to carry out his bloody quest to become king. Without Lady Macbeth, her husband might never have ventured down the murderous path that leads to their ultimate downfall.   In many respects, Lady Macbeth is more ambitious and power-hungry than her husband, going so far as to call his manhood into question when he has second thoughts about committing murder.   Sexism in 'Macbeth' Along with being Shakespeares bloodiest play, Macbeth is also the one with the greatest number of outright evil female characters. Chief among them are the three witches who predict Macbeth will be king and set the plays action into motion.   Then, theres Lady Macbeth herself. It was unusual in Shakespeares day for a female character to be so boldly ambitious and manipulative as Lady Macbeth. Shes unable to take action herself, perhaps because of the social constraints of the time, and must persuade her husband to go along with her evil plans. Masculinity is defined in the play by ambition and power, two qualities that Lady Macbeth possesses in abundance. By constructing the character in this way, Shakespeare challenges our preconceived views of masculinity and femininity. But what exactly was Shakespeare suggesting? On one hand, it was a radical idea to present a dominant female character. But on the other hand, Lady Macbeth is presented negatively and ends up killing herself after experiencing what appears to be a crisis of conscience.   Lady Macbeth Character Description and Guilt Lady Macbeth’s sense of remorse soon overwhelms her. She has nightmares and in one famous scene (Act 5, Scene 1), appears to try to wash from her hands the blood she imagines has been left behind by the murders. Doctor:What is it she does now? Look how she rubs her hands.Gentlewoman:It is an accustomd action with her, to seem thuswashing her hands. I have known her continue in this a quarter ofan hour.Lady Macbeth:Yet heres a spot.Doctor:Hark, she speaks. I will set down what comes from her, tosatisfy my remembrance the more strongly.Lady Macbeth:Out, damnd spot! out, I say! - One; two: why, thentis time to dot. - Hell is murky. - Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, andafeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call ourpowr to accompt? - Yet who would have thought the old man tohave had so much blood in him? By the end of Lady Macbeths life, guilt has replaced her incredible ambition in equal measure. We are led to believe that her guilt ultimately leads to her suicide. Lady Macbeth is, therefore, a victim of her own ambition - and also possibly of her sex. As a woman  in Shakespeares world, she is not resilient enough to deal with such strong emotions, whereas Macbeth fights on to the very end despite his misgivings.   The treacherous Lady Macbeth both defies and defines what it means to be a female villain in a Shakespeare play.

(Risk Management -Global Perspectives on Risk) Q- Globalisation has Coursework

(Risk Management -Global Perspectives on Risk) Q- Globalisation has led to a significant degree of convergence in markets and in - Coursework Example "Globalization" is understood as a source to bring in major increases in the world trade along with trade exchanges within an open, integrated economy that would span across borders. Remarkable growth has been observed in such form of trade or exchanges that had been observed not only within the traditional international trade of goods and services, but was also observed in the exchanges of country currencies, in various capital movements and many more. One aspect featuring the extent in globalization has been the volume in international financial transactions that peaks over $1.2 trillion every day as per the New York currency markets (Intriligator, 2003, p.4). Globalization has also led to greater openness within the international economies resulting in integration across worldwide markets. A second aspect of globalization has been the liberalization of trade and other different forms in economic liberalization. This has resulted in reductions in the trade protection norms thus est ablishing a more free world trading system (Intriligator, 2003, p.5). The third aspect of globalization has been the changes as seen in the institutions where the organizations had wider reach apart from the technological advancements and the wider horizons for the managers that were facilitated by the advances made in communications (Intriligator, 2003, p.6). ... d trend in bringing together the lower economies of the world by increasing world trade would contribute in capital mobility as well as the global operations in the multinational companies that would propel technological changes, even out the wage and productivity differences across economies. The term â€Å"convergence† has been found to have an ambiguous definition. As had been mentioned by Daniel Drezner â€Å"the scholarly work on this subject is spread across multiple disciplines, including law, economics, political science and sociology. The problem leads to a certain redundancy in theory building, as disciplinary boundaries prevent ideas from spreading across fields† (GAHAN, et al. p.8). The increase in the imports and the exports seen in the overall output level provides a clear picture of the extent the globalization has spread across the goods markets. Foreign goods are now available in all countries today than was not seen previously. This was the proof for t he product market expansions due to globalization. Though globalization has led to an integration of the global markets and reducing labor costs, it is also believed in some literature that that globalization had increased the unemployment situation and widened the levels of income disparity (Slaughter & Swagel, 1997, p.6). An important trend that has been observed in the labor markets present in the advanced countries has been the rapid shift in the demand moving from less skilled workers to the better skilled ones. This trend had led to a dramatic increase in wages and the income inequality observed between the two sets of workers found in some country, along with the unemployment levels as amongst the less skilled workers in different countries. What explains the differences in outcomes for wages and

Report 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report 3 - Assignment Example We will make sure that all our ads will comply with the Chilean laws (Shaver and Soontae 67). The ads will be in English targeting the right group to use smoke detectors in their home; however, I would prefer using Spanish because most of Chilean speaks it. Most of our advertising budget will go the Television whereby we will want to increase the number of times a commercial will be aired per week. Therefore, allocating much of the budget to television is because it is the most effective medium for advertisement and will be $1,750,000 per year (Warc n. pag). The viewers cannot ignore an advert that comes as they watch a program they love, thus making it more effective (Shaver and Soontae 71). Our commercial will be aired in one major television station, which is Channel 4. The commercial will be aired in the evening hours, mostly when the news is ready in order to target the more mature customers twice a week. The television advert emotionally highlights the importance of having a smoke detector in the house, with fireman ready to come to the rescue. It will highlight the catastrophe fire can cause if a house does not have a smoke detector and the losses one can get. The commercial will finally show how a person with the burned house i s going to our store to buy a smoke detector and goes home happy. Our team also discussed using the most listened radio stations in Chile by the targeted consumers with a budget of $200,000 annually. After doing a statistical analysis on the most listened national radio stations, we decided that we would advertise with RCN La FM. It is the most listened radio stations by mature people who the major targets of our product. The advert will be aired on the morning hours while people are going to work in the La  ½ Maná ½ °ná ½ °. The advert will be aired three times a week. In Santiago alone, 97% of the population listens to a radio station. The radio commercial

Pv Value in a Seal Questions and Answers

Pv Value in a Seal Questions and Answers Question 1 (4 marks) List 4 important parameters (not the equation parameters) that are determined by the Pv value in a seal. The suitability of material combinations for the seal faces. The amount of heat generated at the face It also follows that at a given rotational speed An increase in shaft diameter since implies an increase in the Pv value. Assessor Feedback Question 2 (4 marks) The contact property of the interface is influenced by which component in a seal unit? What is the need for seal balance? The fluid pressure in the axial direction is the only pressure component influencing the contact property of the interface. The fluid pressure in the axial direction is the only pressure component influencing the contact property of the interface. Thus, only this component is considered for seal balance and further used to compute the resulting contact force acting on the face. Assessor Feedback Question 3(8 marks) Given the following data, calculate the face area, spring pressure and balance ratios (external and internal) of a seal, for both externally acting and internally acting pressures. Is this Balanced or Unbalanced and why? Seal face contact outer diameter, D = 61.8 mm Effective seal balance diameter, B = 52.6 mm Deal face contact inner diameter, d = 49.2 mm Spring force at working length, F =188 N Calculate the face area of the seal: Α=à Ã¢â€š ¬(D_0^2-D_1^2 )/4 Α=à Ã¢â€š ¬(à £Ã¢â€š ¬-68.2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2-à £Ã¢â€š ¬-49.2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2 )/4 =1098.46 à £Ã¢â€š ¬-mmà £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2 A=0.001098à £Ã¢â€š ¬- mà £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2 Calculate the spring pressure: P_sp=F_sp/A =188/0.00109846 =171148.7 à £Ã¢â€š ¬-N/à £Ã¢â€š ¬-_(m^2 ) =P_sp 0.17115 MPa Calculate the balance ratio for the external loading: B=(D_0^2-D_b^2)/(D_0^2-D_t^2 ) Α=(à £Ã¢â€š ¬-61.8à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2-à £Ã¢â€š ¬-52.6à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2)/(à £Ã¢â€š ¬-61.8à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2-à £Ã¢â€š ¬-49.2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2 ) =1052.48/1398.6 B=0.753 (B Calculate the balance ration for the internal loading B=(D_b^2-D_t^2)/(D_0^2-D_t^2 ) Α=(à £Ã¢â€š ¬-52.6à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2-à £Ã¢â€š ¬-49.2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2)/(à £Ã¢â€š ¬-61.8à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2-à £Ã¢â€š ¬-49.2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-^2 ) =346.12/1398.6 B=0.25 (B Assessor Feedback Question 4 (4 marks) From the following single mechanical seals, identify the 7 sealing components and other mechanical components, briefly describing their functions? 1)Mating Ring. 2)Primary Sealing Ring. 3) O-ring. 4) O-Ring. 5) Disc. 6) Spring. 7) Retainer. Fluid is to be kept from escaping where the shaft extends through the housing, especially as the shaft rotates. A ring, part 1, with an O-ring, part 4, is sealed against the housing of the container. It is called the mating ring. Another ring, part 2, with an O-ring, part 3, is mounted onto the shaft. It is called the primary sealing ring. The contacting faces of these rings are lapped flat, within light bands. Initial contact between the faces is maintained by a spring, part 6, which pushes them together. The spring reacts against a retainer, part 7 Assessor Feedback Question 5 (4 marks) What difference do you notice between the two mechanical seals shown below. Name them and describe their application. Shows of an outside balanced seal. The shaft packing is forced against the retainer, leaving an area under the seal ring exposed to stuffing box pressure. The closing force exerted by the stuffing box pressure, acting against the shoulder of the seal ring, is slightly greater than the opening force exerted by the liquid film between the faces, thereby keeping the faces in contact at all times. Inside balanced seal illustrates a conventional inside seal that has been balanced. Notice that a step in the shaft has allowed the sealing face of the mating ring to be moved radially inward without decreasing the width of the face itself. The primary sealing ring remains mounted on the original shaft diameter, which means that the closing force remains unchanged. Because we have successfully exposed more of the primary sealing ring face to hydraulic pressure working to open the seal, the design is considered balanced. Assessor Feedback Question 6 (4 marks) Name the primary sealing elements in a single mechanical seal. 1) Primary sealing surfaces. 2) Secondary sealing surfaces. 3) a means of actuation. 4) a means of drive. Assessor Feedback Question 7 (4 marks) While its accepted that solid alumina ceramic seal rings will be considerably more expensive than ceramic coated steel rings, why should they be the preferred choice between the two types of seal ring? When handling corrosive fluids at moderate pressures and velocities: alumina ceramics may be employed as thin coatings or solid rings (preferred!!) For highly corrosive fluids: high purity ceramic alumina can be used. Alumina ceramics have: Relatively low tensile strength Poor resistance to thermal shock Low thermal conductivity High elasticity modulus Assessor Feedback Question 8 (4 marks) Which dynamic secondary sealing element is the preferred type to handle axial movement? Give reasons for your answer. What type of damage does a wedge type secondary seal do to pump shafts/sleeves? Explain how this mechanism works. The pusher type of mechanical seals move axially along the rotating shaft or the sleeve to maintain the contact with the faces of the seal. This feature of these seals helps compensate for the wearing that may occur at the seal face, and wobbling due to misalignment. The pusher types of mechanical seals are used commonly, are less expensive and are easily available in the market in wide range of sizes and designs. The only disadvantage of these seals is that they tend to hang up and sometimes there is fretting of the shaft. Pusher seals utilize a dynamic secondary seal which moves axially with the major seal face. which is either an O-ring, wedge or other type of equipment, across the shaft as a means of compensation for face wear and/or shaft movement. For high temperature (up to 500 deg F) or aggressive chemicals a Teflon wedge ring may be used. Since Teflon is plastic and does not rebound like elastomer, it has to be pushed by spring force into the wedge shaped opening to maintain a seal on the shaft. Non-Pusher type or Bellow seals have no dynamic secondary seal under the movable seal ring. Check Which dynamic secondary sealing element is for axial movement. Operation does not cause shaft wear pusher type seals can handle bi-directional shaft rotation, large pressure, temperature and speed excursions. Assuming a spring-loaded Teflon wedge can also be used as a dynamic shaft seal behind the rotating primary seal ring. The spring and process pressures keep the wedge in contact with the shaft. Like chevrons and U-cups, wedges can only seal in one direction. Because of the tendency for Teflon to cold flow, almost all wedges need to be loaded by one or more springs along with the process pressure. Wedge seals often cause shaft damage by fretting. Assessor Feedback Question 9 (4 marks) What is the distinct advantage offered by a bellows seal? How can the design be improved to accommodate higher pressures? Which bellows material offers the best corrosion resistance? One of the most frequent and serious problems valves face is gland leakage, results in wasted and increased plant downtime. Apart from the high cost of energy losses, Gland leakages can also cause serious environmental, ecological and health hazards to plant workers and personnel. Leakage of sensitive material can also constitute to a fire hazard, explosion, or damage to equipment by corrosive material. Air entering the pipeline could produce inflammable explosive or poisonous mixtures. Gland packed valves often demand continual maintenance in accessibility creating particular difficulties. The bellows comply to conditions at high temperatures and are capable of withstanding over 10,000 cycles without failure. Bellow Seals are also known as Zero Leak Valves or Emission Free Valves The multi-ply bellow design is preferred for handling higher pressure fluids (generally two or three plies of the metal wall). A two ply bellow can increase its pressure rating by 80% to 100% as compared to a single ply bellow of the same thickness. Alternatively, if a single ply bellow of a thickness equivalent to a pressure rating of a two ply bellow is used, the stroke length is reduced. Thus, a multi-ply bellow design offers a distinct advantage over a single ply bellow. The stainless steel bellow material AISI 316Ti which contains Titanium to withstand high temperatures. Alternatively, Inconel 600 or Inconel 625 improve fatigue strength and corrosion resistance as compared with stainless steel bellows. Similarly, Hastalloy C-276 offers greater corrosion resistance and fatigue strength than Inconel 625. Fatigue resistance can be improved by using a multiply bellows system and reducing the stroke length; this can significantly increase the bellow service life. Assessor Feedback Question 10 (6 marks) Do a comparative analysis of inboard and outboard mounting of seals. Inside-mounted seal is the most common in the industry and the most energy-efficient when compared with other sealing methods, such as packing and seal less equipment. They are used in all industries with respect to fluid types and the seals property ranges, pressure speed, diameter and temperature. Inside seals are mounted within the equipment seal chamber the advantages of this design include: The seal can be cooled by the pumped fluid in an enlarged dead-ended chamber, by a product bypass flush or by a clean external flush. Depending on the seal chamber design, the rotary action of the seal assembly may help keep debris away from the seal faces. With proper hydraulic balancing, the product pressure helps keep the seal faces closed. Catastrophic leakage is usually avoided during seal failure. Leakage can be restricted by the stationary elements in the gland. Inside seals are available in many materials and designs. Environmental controls are easily included in the design. Centrifugal forces tend to reduce leakage. Outside seals are mounted external of the equipment housing the advantages of this design include: Outside-mounted seals can be used when the radial or axial space in the chamber is not adequate or access is not available for an inside seal installation. Installation may be easier than with an inside seal. However, most equipment designs still require à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨some disassembly. Less expensive materials may be used since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨many components may not be exposed to the pumped product. The seal can be observed and monitored for seal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨face wear. Adjustments can be made without à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨equipment disassembly. The seal can often be backed-off for cleaning. Assessor Feedback Question 11 (8 marks) Explain the difference between static and dynamic seals? 0-rings are used for effective sealing in applications. Mostly, they are used to help repair or correct any manufacturing or installation defects seen in glands. 0-rings can be used in static as well as dynamic applications. The make of both these 0-rings will be different owing to the difference in application requirements. The following are some major differences between static and dynamic 0-rings: The material used to manufacture dynamic 0-rings should be tougher than that used to manufacture static 0-rings.This is because the dynamic 0-ring will have to undergo movement while the application is functioning. In dynamic applications, the surface finish and material of the gland should be such that it doesnt abrade the 0-ring during movement otherwise, the 0-ring could tear this is irrelevant in static applications, where the 0-ring doesnt move. 0-rings used in dynamic applications are likely to wear at a faster rate as compared to static 0-rings. This is because dynamic 0-rings are constantly moving. Hence, the interval of maintenance procedures for dynamic 0-rings should be shorter than that of static 0-rings. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢All 0-rings should be properly lubricated at all times. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dyna mic 0-rings require more lubrication than static ones. Depending on the application, static or dynamic seals will be used. O-rings are useful in a varied number of industries and applications. They are effective across a wide range of temperatures and pressures. However, using the right 0-ring for each application will help you increase the reliability and service life of the 0-ring. You can consult with your 0-ring manufacturer on the best fit for your application Assessor Feedback Question 12 (4 marks) Why are mechanical seals preloaded? Name four of the most common types of preloading for pump seals. Depending on the application it may be necessary to have either a positive or a negative operational clearance in the bearing arrangement. In the majority of applications, the operational clearance should be positive, i.e. when in operation, the bearing should have a residual clearance, however slight. However, in many cases, machine tool spindle bearings, pinion bearings in automotive axle drives, bearing arrangements of small electric motors, or bearing arrangements for oscillating movement, where a negative operational clearance, i.e. a preload, is needed to enhance the stiffness of the bearing arrangement or to increase running accuracy. The application of a preload, e.g. by springs, is also recommended where bearings are to operate without load or under very light load and at high speeds. In these cases, the preload serves to provide a minimum load on the bearing and prevent bearing damage as a result of sliding movements of the rolling elements, Helical Compression Spring, Wave Washer Springs, Single Belleville Washer Springs, Elastomeric Preloading Assessor Feedback Question 13 (4 marks) The table below contains a list of commonly used seal materials. For the given set of temperatures in degree centigrade, indicate the suitability of these materials by marking S for suitable and LS for limited suitability of short period durations. Type of Material Temperature in  ° C 50 100 200 300 350 Natural Rubber S S LS Nitrile S S S LS Neoprene S S S LS Viton S S S S S Silicone S S S S S Fluoro-elastomer S S S S S Question 14 (4 marks) What are the characteristics that make pure carbon-graphite the most favoured material in the chemical industry? Strongly anisotropic, Greasy feel, Readily marks, High thermal conductivity, High tensile strength, Low thermal expansion coefficient, Good resistance to thermal shock. Assessor Feedback Question 15 (4 marks) Ignoring temperature limitations, what type of elastomeric material would you suggest for the following applications? Sealing for Vacuum systems Buna-N, silicone, Fluorocarbon, and Perfluorocarbon Applications Vacuum systems Polyurethane Rotary shaft seals Fluorocarbon, Polyacrylate Applications that require high tear and abrasion resistance Natural Rubber Question 16 (4 marks) Why is it difficult to achieve a perfectly uniform load distribution across the shaft circumference, when using a single coil spring? What does this condition further lead to? What are the main advantages associated with the use of multi-coil springs? Typically, a single-coil spring used for a seal head has a relatively large wire cross section and therefore provides more substance to combat corrosion from the system fluid. But it is rigid in construction because of which there is difficulty in achieving a perfectly uniform load distribution across the shaft circumference. This may in turn lead to distortion of the primary seal ring face and this is particularly critical at high rotational shaft speeds. This arrangement consists of a series of small coil springs uniformly distributed along the circumference of the seal cartridge. The chief advantage with this design is that the possibility of distortion of the primary seal ring face is minimized and this is particularly true at higher rotational speeds of the shaft. The use of multiple-coil springs makes seal design independent of seal diameter sizes. Deterioration arising from chemical corrosion can be greatly minimized by the use of stainless steel for spring manufacture. Assessor Feedback Question 17 (4 marks) What is the three-point contact method? Explain in brief, the procedure involved. Three-point contact method where three setscrews positioned at 120 ° from each other ensure squareness of the rotating face, by deforming the sleeve to the shaft OD. Another set of three setscrews also located 120 ° apart and positioned between the earlier set of screws, enable locking of the sleeve to the shaft. Assessor Feedback Question 18 (4 marks) Metal impregnations are sometimes added to graphite seal rings in order to improve their properties. Give three areas of concern when selecting these metal additions. Both the metal filler and the carbon have to be compatible to the sealed liquid. The metal will heat up and expand more rapidly than the carbon. The coefficient of friction of the metal will be higher than the parent carbon and the seal face will run hotter than if it were made just from pure carbon. Assessor Feedback Question 19 (4 marks) Outline the nature of seal malfunction that may be caused by the following: Incorrect pressure differential between inside and outside seal face sets Cavitation or vaporization of liquid between sealing faces Thermal distress of material Large bearing clearances A change in temperature. Many products solidify at temperature extremes, the product is taking a pressure drop across the seal faces and solidifying. The inner face of a back to back double seal application is not positively locked in position. A snap ring must be installed to prevent the inboard stationary face from moving towards the rotating face when the high pressure barrier fluid pressure is lost or overcome by system pressure. Erosion / Corrosion. An accelerated attack caused by a combination of corrosion and mechanical wear. Vaporization, liquid turbulence, vane passing syndrome, and suction recirculation are special cases often called cavitation. Solids in the liquid and high velocity increase the problem Heat checking is caused by thermal distress of the material resulting in small radial cracks. Scoring may be present or uneven wear with the heat checking on the high spots. Occurs typically with tungsten carbides and silicon carbides Seal drips when stationary and when the shaft is rotating. Seal may pop from flashing during operation. The tendency for a seal to wedge is enhanced by a rough surface, lack of lubrication and high reciprocating speeds. Wedging is unlikely to occur with small clearance gaps in the range of 0.0550.127mm (0.002-0.005 inch). For clearances greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 inch) the possibility of wedging always exists as the radial clearance increases, the axial clearance increases as well the more room (radial clearance), the more the elements can shift in relation to each other. With a higher clearance there is more tolerance of thermal expansion effects, differential temperature between the inner and outer faces. Assessor Feedback Question 20 (4 marks) The leakage rate in a seal while running is found to be constant. Can the reason be attributed to a damaged seal face? State three important causes for each of the below: Intermittent leakage There is a leak between the face and the holder that becomes visible only when the unit comes up to operating temperature. A bending or bent shaft is causing the seal outside diameter to contact the inside diameter of the stuffing box, or some other stationary object. The shaft/ sleeve is too large in diameter and it is restricting movement of the seal. Spring loaded dynamic elastomers such as Teflon ® wedges, U- cups, chevrons and spring loaded O-ring designs are very sensitive to this problem Constant dripping in a seal. There is damage in the O-ring groove. Maybe the O-ring was removed with a sharp metal instrument and this has caused a scratch in the O-ring groove. Leaking between the gland and the stuffing box. This leak path is very visible in most applications Leaking between the cartridge sleeve and the shaft Question 21 (6 marks) It is a requirement to identify and select a suitable mechanical seal for a given application and process. What is the nature and type of questions that you would raise, in order to help arrive at the right selection? General Selection Considerations The process of mechanical seal selection involves a thorough evaluation of many important factors that include: Shaft diameter Rotational rubbing speed in the contact faces Service temperature Process fluid pressure Physical and chemical properties of the various liquid constituents Mechanical/structural properties of the primary seal components Environmental control systems Properties and resistance characteristics of the secondary sealing components. Pressure. Assessor Feedback Question 22 (4 marks) Which of the following conditions satisfy the requirements for sealing high-speed applications? Explain in brief: Lower spring load at seal faces Increased hydraulic balance ratio Face combinations such as carbon vs. tungsten carbide Stationary seal designs Number 4. Stationary seal designs: The Internal seal configuration, with the seal heads mounted stationary and the seal seats rotating with the shaft is advantageous, especially in high-speed applications where dynamic balancing considerations demand minimum mass of the rotating parts Assessor Feedback Question 23 (6 marks) A change in pumping fluid temperature adversely affect the seals in the stuffing boxes. What are the effects and How do you control the temperature in the stuffing box and the seal? a)Many fluids are adversely affected by a change in their temperature, and when this change takes place, seal failure is almost sure to follow. The failure can take several forms: Coated hard faces can heat check (crack). Elastomers can take a compression set and crack at elevated temperature Cold temperatures can cause elastomers to harden. The liquid can crystallize, restricting seal movement and open the faces. The liquid can vaporize between the faces forcing them open. The viscosity of the fluid can change either restricting seal movement, or making the fluid less of a lubricant. The liquids corrosion rate will double with an 18 ° Fahrenheit (10 ° C) rise in temperature. The liquid can convert to a film between the sliding seal components, restricting their movements. The magnetite that forms in hot water is a good example of this. A film can form on the seal faces causing them to separate. Lapped seal faces can distort and go out of flat at elevated or cryogenic temperatures. b) A balanced mechanical seal and installed at the proper compression, is your best insurance against a significant rise in stuffing box temperature: Proper face balance. 70/ 30 is the most common to 5000 fpm. (25 Meters per sec.) Low friction face materials. Carbon/graphite vs. a silicon carbide hard face is the best. The correct spring compression to control face loading. Faces with good heat conductivity. Tungsten carbide and silicon carbide have excellent thermal conductivity compared to most other hard face materials. A small cross section carbon/ graphite face press fitted into a metal holder is better than solid carbon/ graphite for removing heat from between the lapped faces. Sometimes, that is not good enough, so occasionally youll have to come up with some additional method of controlling the temperature in the stuffing box area and between the lapped seal faces. A heating /cooling jacket, quench flush or drain connection, dual seal, heat exchanger Assessor Feedback Question 24 (4 marks) The mechanical shaft seal should be selected according to the operating conditions at the shaft seal location. What important factors must be considered when selecting a mechanical shaft seal? For a specific ap